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Wireless Networking Technologies
Wireless network technologies have revolutionized the way we connect to the internet and communicate with each other. They encompass a range of standards, protocols, and technologies designed to facilitate wireless communication between devices.
We describe leading wireless network technologies in the following sections.
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Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
Wi-Fi networks operate in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands, with newer standards like Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) supporting frequencies up to 6 GHz.
Wi-Fi supports various security protocols, such as WPA, WPA2, and WPA3, to protect data transmitted over wireless networks.
Wi-Fi’s convenience and ease of access have made it ubiquitous daily, enabling a mobile, interconnected world.
Cellular Networks
Cellular networks are the backbone of mobile phone communication, offering voice, data, and messaging services over a wide area. These networks are divided into cells, each served by a fixed-location transceiver (cell tower), allowing seamless handoffs and coverage across regions.
Cellular technologies have evolved through generations, starting with 1G in the 1980s and continuing to 5G. Newer generations provide significantly higher speeds, lower latency, and greater capacity than their predecessors.
Cellular networks use various technologies, including GSM, CDMA, LTE, and NR (New Radio), to support the increasing demands of mobile users and the Internet of Things (IoT).
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology designed to connect devices over short distances, typically up to 100 meters, depending on the device’s class. It is widely used for connecting peripherals such as headphones, speakers, and keyboards to computers or smartphones.
Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and employs a frequency-hopping spread spectrum to minimize interference.
It supports various profiles to facilitate different services, including file transfer, audio streaming, and device control.
The technology is designed for low power consumption, making it ideal for battery-operated devices.
NFC (Near Field Communication)
NFC is a set of communication protocols that enable two electronic devices, one of which is usually a portable device such as a smartphone, to establish communication by bringing them within 4 cm (1.6 in) of each other.
NFC is used for contactless payment systems, similar to those used in credit cards and electronic ticket smartcards, and allows for secure data exchange by embedding encryption within the communication protocols.
Its ease of use in applications such as mobile payment systems, ticketing, and secure access controls has contributed to its growing adoption.
Satellite Communication
Satellite communication utilizes satellites orbiting the earth to provide telecommunications, including internet access, in remote and rural areas where terrestrial internet infrastructure is not feasible. This technology can cover large areas and is crucial for global broadcasting, weather forecasting, navigation, and emergency communication.
Satellite communication operates in various radio wave bands, including C-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band, each with specific applications and characteristics.
Satellite technology faces challenges such as higher latency and susceptibility to weather conditions but remains vital for global connectivity.
Conclusion
These wireless network technologies are critical in modern communication systems, offering unique benefits and serving different needs.
From the ubiquity of Wi-Fi in local networks to the global reach of satellite communication, these technologies form the backbone of today’s interconnected world.
Wireless Principles: Radio Frequency (RF) – 5 mins
